Coal Glossary

A

Accessed:
Coal deposits that have been prepared for mining by construction of portals, shafts, slopes, drifts, and haulage ways; by removal of overburden; or by partial mining (see also virgin coal).

Accessibility:
In reference to coal resources (core meaning), the absence of land use restrictions and the assumption that ownership or leaseholds will be obtainable for mining (see also environmental restrictions, industrial restrictions). Many technological restrictions were traditionally applied as demonstrated reserve base criteria, but (extended meaning) with the advent of available resource studies, specific technologic restrictions may be incorporated in accessibility factors (see also restricted resources).

Accessibility Factor:
The estimated ratio of accessible reserve base to the demonstrated reserve base or of accessible resources to identified resources.

Accessible Reserve Base:
The portion of the demonstrated reserve base estimated by EIA to be accessible, determined by application of one or more accessibility factors within an area. An accessible reserve base may be referred to as accessible resources because it is a subset of accessible resources and is usually part of a single resource study.

Accessible Resources:
The portion of identified resources estimated to be accessible, determined by application of one or more accessibility factors within an area.

Agglomerating Characte: Agglomeration describes the caking properties of coal. Agglomerating character is determined by examination and testing of the residue when a small powdered sample is heated to 950 degrees centigrade under specified conditions. If the sample is "agglomerating," the residue will be coherent, show swelling or cell structure, and be capable of supporting a 500-gram weight without pulverizing.

Anthracite:
The highest rank of coal; used primarily for residential and commercial space heating. It is a hard, brittle, and black lustrous coal, often referred to as hard coal, containing a high percentage of fixed carbon and a low percentage of volatile matter. The moisture content of fresh-mined anthracite generally is less than 15 percent. The heat content of anthracite ranges from 22 to 28 million Btu per short ton on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis. The heat content of anthracite coal consumed in the United States averages 25 million Btu per short ton, on the as-received basis (i.e., containing both inherent moisture and mineral matter). Note: Since the 1980's, anthracite refuse or mine waste has been used for steam electric power generation. This fuel typically has a heat content of 15 million Btu per short ton or less.

Area (Surface) Mining:
A method used on flat terrain to recover coal by mining long cuts or pits successively. The material excavated from the cut being mined is deposited in the cut previously mined.

Ash:
Impurities consisting of silica, iron, alumina, and other incombustible matter that are contained in coal. Ash increases the weight of coal, adds to the cost of handling, and can affect the burning characteristics. Ash content is measured as a percent by weight of coal on an "as received" or a "dry" (moisture-free) basis.

As-Received Condition or As-Received Basis:
Represents an analysis of a sample as received at a laboratory. Auger Mine: A surface mine where coal is recovered through the use of a large-diameter drill driven into a coalbed in a hillside. It usually follows contour surface mining, particularly when the overburden is too costly to excavate.

Availability:
In reference to coal resources, the absence of land-use or environmental restrictions and technological restrictions.

Available Resources:
In U.S. Geological Survey studies, the quantity of remaining identified resources available for development and potential extraction at the time of determination after adjusting for geologic considerations, land-use restrictions, and/or technological restrictions (see also accessible reserve base).

Average Annual Percent Change:
Where: V0 = the value for the base period. Vn= the value for the n th period. n = the number of periods.

Average Daily Production:
The ratio of the total production at a mining operation to the total number of production days worked at the operation.

Average Length of a Shift:
The arithmetic mean number of hours worked during a production shift. Overtime is included if usually worked during the year.

Average Mine Price:
The ratio of the total value of the coal produced at the mine to the total production tonnage. (See F.O.B. mine price.)

Average Number of Employees per Shift:
The arithmetic mean number of employees working during a shift. Includes all employees except office workers. (See direct labor hours.)

Average Number of Miners Working Daily:
The arithmetic mean number of miners working each day at a mining operation. Includes maintenance as well as production work performed.

Average Number of Shifts per Day:
The arithmetic mean number of shifts each day at a mining operation. Includes maintenance as well as production shifts.

Average Production per Miner per Day:
The product of the average production per miner per hour at a mining operation and the average length of a shift at the operation.

Average Production per Miner per Hour:
The ratio of the total production at a mining operation to the total direct labor hours worked at the operation.

Average Production per Miner per Shift:
Calculated by multiplying average production per miner per hour by the average length of a miner shift.

Average Quality of Coal:
Refers to individual measurements such as heat value, fixed carbon, moisture, ash, sulfur, major, minor, and trace elements, coking properties, petrologic properties, and particular organic constituents. The individual quality elements may be aggregated in various ways to classify coal for such special purposes as metallurgical, gas, petrochemical, and blending usages.

Average Recovery Percentage:
Average recovery percentage represents the percentage of coal that can be recovered from coal reserves at reporting mines, averaged for all mines in the reported geographic area.

B

Bed, Coalbed:
All the coal and partings lying between a roof and floor.

Bench:
A subdivision and (or) layer of a coal bed separated from other layers by partings of non-coal rock.

Bituminous Coal:
A dense coal, usually black, sometimes dark brown, often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material, used primarily as fuel in steam-electric power generation, with substantial quantities also used for heat and power applications in manufacturing and to make coke. Bituminous coal is the most abundant coal in active U.S. mining regions. Its moisture content usually is less than 20 percent. The heat content of bituminous coal ranges from 21 to 30 million Btu per ton on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis. The heat content of bituminous coal consumed in the United States averages 24 million Btu per ton, on the as-received basis (i.e., containing both inherent moisture and mineral matter).

Breeze:
The fine screenings from crushed coke. Usually breeze will pass through a 1/2-inch or 3/4-inch screen opening. It is most often used as a fuel source in the process of agglomerating iron ore.

Btu (British thermal unit):
The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1 degree fahrenheit. The Btu is a convenient measure by which to compare the energy content of various fuels.

C

Cannel Coal:
A compact, tough variety of coal, originating from organic spore residues, that is noncaking, contains a high percentage of volatile matter, ignites easily, and burns with a luminous smoky flame.

Capacity Utilization:
Capacity utilization is computed by dividing production by productive capacity and multiplying by 100.

Captive Coal:
Coal produced and consumed by the mine operator, a subsidiary, or parent company (for example, steel companies and electric utilities).

Carbon Dioxide (CO2):
A colorless, odorless, incombustible gas formed during combustion in fossil-fuel electric generation plants.

Census Divisions:
The nine geographic divisions of the United States established by the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce for statistical analysis. The boundaries of Census divisions coincide with State boundaries. In some cases, the Pacific Division is subdivided into the Pacific Contiguous and Pacific Noncontiguous areas.

CIF:
See Cost, Insurance, Freight.

Coal :
A readily combustible black or brownish-black rock whose composition, including inherent moisture, consists of more than 50 percent by weight and more than 70 percent by volume of carbonaceous material. It is formed from plant remains that have been compacted, hardened, chemically altered, and metamorphosed by heat and pressure over geologic time.

Coal Carbonized:
The amount of coal decomposed into solid coke and gaseous products by heating in a coke oven in a limited air supply or in the absence of air.

Coal (coke):
See Coke (coal).

Coal Financial Reporting Regions:
A geographic classification of areas with coal resources which is used for financial reporting of coal statistics. · Eastern Region. Consists of the Appalachian Coal Basin . The following comprise the Eastern Region: Alabama , eastern Kentucky , Georgia , Maryland , Mississippi , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Virginia , Tennessee , North Carolina , and West Virginia . · Midwest Region. Consists of the Illinois and Michigan Coal Basins . The following comprise the Midwest Region: Illinois , Indiana , Michigan , and western Kentucky . · Western Region. Consists of the Northern Rocky, Southern Rocky, West Coast Coal Basins and Western Interior. The following comprise the Western Region: Alaska , Arizona , Arkansas , California , Colorado , Idaho , Iowa , Kansas , Louisiana , Missouri , Montana , New Mexico , North Dakota , Oklahoma , Oregon , Texas , South Dakota , Utah , Washington , and Wyoming .

Coal Imports:
Amount of foreign coal shipped to the United States , as reported in the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, "Monthly Report IM 145."

Coal Mining Productivity:
Coal mining productivity is calculated by dividing total coal production by the total direct labor hours worked by all mine employees.

Coal Preparation/Washing:
The treatment of coal to reject waste. In its broadest sense, preparation is any processing of mined coal to prepare it for market, including crushing and screening or sieving the coal to reach a uniform size, which normally results in removal of some non-coal material. The term coal preparation most commonly refers to processing, including crushing and screening, passing the material through one or more processes to remove impurities, sizing the product, and loading for shipment. Many of the processes separate rock, clay, and other minerals from coal in a liquid medium; hence the term washing is widely used. In some cases coal passes through a drying step before loading.

Coal-Producing Regions:
A geographic classification of areas where coal is produced. · Appalachian Region. Consists of Alabama , Georgia , Eastern Kentucky , Maryland , North Carolina , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Tennessee , Virginia , and West Virginia . · Interior Region (with Gulf Coast ). Consists of Arkansas , Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Louisiana , Michigan , Mississippi , Missouri , Oklahoma , Texas , and Western Kentucky . · Western Region. Consists of Alaska , Arizona , Colorado , Montana , New Mexico , North Dakota , Utah , Washington , and Wyoming . Note: Some States discontinue producing coal as reserves are depleted or as production becomes uneconomic.

Coal-Producing States:
The States where mined and/or purchased coal originates are defined as follows: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky Eastern, Kentucky Western, Louisiana, Maryland, Missouri, Montana, New Mexico, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania anthracite, Pennsylvania bituminous, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia Northern, West Virginia Southern, and Wyoming. The following Coal-Producing States are split in origin of coal, as defined below: · Kentucky , Eastern All mines located in counties other than the Western Kentucky counties. Kentucky, Western All mines in the following counties in Western Kentucky: Butler, Caldwell , Christian, Crittenden, Daviess, Edmonson, Grayson, Hancock, Henderson , Hopkins , Logan , McLean , Muhlenberg , Ohio , Simpson, Todd, Union , Warren , and Webster. · Pennsylvania Anthracite All mines in the following counties: Carbon, Columbia , Dauphin, Lackawanna , Lebanon , Luzerne, Northumberland, Schuylkill , Sullivan, and Susquehanna. All anthracite mines in Bradford County . · Pennslyvania Bituminous All mines located in counties other than the Pennsylvania anthracite counties and all bituminous mines in Bradford County . · West Virginia, Northern All mines in the following counties (formerly defined as Coal-Producing Districts 1, 3, & 6): Barbour, Brooke, Braxton, Calhoun, Doddridge, Gilmer, Grant, Hancock, Harrison, Jackson, Lewis, Marion, Marshall, Mineral, Monongalia, Ohio, Pleasants, Preston, Randolph, Ritchie, Roane, Taylor, Tucker, Upshur, Webster, Wetzel, Wirt, and Wood. · West Virginia , Southern All mines in the following counties (formerly defined as Coal-Producing Districts 7 & 8): Boone, Cabell, Clay, Fayette, Greenbrier, Kanawha, Lincoln, Logan, Mason, McDowell, Mercer, Mingo, Monroe , Nicholas, Pocahontas, Putnam, Raleigh , Summers, Wayne, and Wyoming.

Coal Rank:
The classification of coals according to their degree of progressive alteration from lignite to anthracite. In the United States, the standard ranks of coal include lignite, subbituminous coal, bituminous coal, and anthracite and are based on fixed carbon, volatile matter, heating value, and agglomerating (or caking) properties.

Coal Sampling:
The collection and proper storage and handling of a relatively small quantity of coal for laboratory analysis. Sampling may be done for a wide range of purposes, such as: coal resource exploration and assessment, characterization of the reserves or production of a mine, to characterize the results of coal cleaning processes, to monitor coal shipments or receipts for adherence to coal quality contract specifications, or to subject a coal to specific combustion or reactivity tests related to the customer's intended use. During pre-development phases, such as exploration and resource assessment, sampling typically is from natural outcrops, test pits, old or existing mines in the region, drill cuttings, or drilled cores. Characterization of a mine's reserves or production may use sample collection in the mine, representative cuts from coal conveyors or from handling and loading equipment, or directly from stockpiles or shipments (coal rail cars or barges). Contract specifications rely on sampling from the production flow at the mining or coal handling facility or at the loadout, or from the incoming shipments at the receiver's facility. In all cases, the value of a sample taken depends on its being representative of the coal under consideration, which in turn requires that appropriate sampling procedures be carefully followed. For coal resource and estimated reserve characterization, appropriate types of samples include:

Channel Sample or Face Channel:
a sample taken at the exposed coal in a mine by cutting away any loose or weathered coal then collecting on a clean surface a sample of the coal seam by chopping out a channel of uniform width and depth; a face channel or face sample is taken at or near the working face, the most freshly exposed coal where actual removal and loading of mined coal is taking place. Any partings greater than 3/8 inch and/or mineral concretions greater than 1/2 inch thick and 2 inches in maximum diameter are normally discarded from a channel sample so as better to represent coal that has been mined, crushed, and screened to remove at least gross non-coal materials.

Column Sample:
a channel or drill core sample taken to represent the entire geologic coalbed; it includes all partings and impurities that may exist in the coalbed. Bench Sample: a face or channel sample taken of just that contiguous portion of a coalbed that is considered practical to mine, also known as a "bench;" For example, bench samples may be taken of minable coal where impure coal that makes up part of the geologic coalbed is likely to be left in the mine, or where thick partings split the coal into two or more distinct minable seams, or where extremely thick coalbeds cannot be recovered by normal mining equipment, so that the coal is mined in multiple passes, or benches, usually defined along natural bedding planes.

Composite Sample:
a recombined coalbed sample produced by averaging together thickness-weighted coal analyses from partial samples of the coalbed, such as from one or more bench samples, from one or more mine exposures or outcrops where the entire bed could not be accessed in one sample, or from multiple drill cores that were required to retrieve all local sections of a coal seam.

Coal Stocks:
Coal quantities that are held in storage for future use and disposition. Note: When coal data are collected for a particular reporting period (month, quarter, or year), coal stocks are commonly measured as of the last day of this period.

Coal Zone:
A series of laterally extensive and (or) lenticular coal beds and associated strata that arbitrarily can be viewed as a unit. Generally, the coal beds in a coal zone are assigned to the same geologic member or formation.

Coalbed:
A bed or stratum of coal. Also called a coal seam.

Cogenerator:
A generating facility that produces electricity and another form of useful thermal energy (such as heat or steam) used for industrial, commercial, heating, and cooling purposes. To receive status as a qualifying facility (QF) under the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA), the facility must produce electric energy and "another form of useful thermal energy through the sequential use of energy," and meet certain ownership, operating, and efficiency criteria established by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). (See the Code of Federal Regulation, Title 18, Part 292.)

Coke (coal):
A solid carbonaceous residue derived from low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal from which the volatile constituents are driven off by baking in an oven at temperatures as high as 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit so that the fixed carbon and residual ash are fused together. Coke is used as a fuel and as a reducing agent in smelting iron ore in a blast furnace. Coke from coal is grey, hard, and porous and has a heating value of 24.8 million Btu per short ton.

Coke (petroleum):
A residue high in carbon content and low in hydrogen that is the final product of thermal decomposition in the condensation process in cracking. This product is reported as marketable coke or catalyst coke. The conversion is 5 barrels (of 42 U.S. gallons each) per short ton. Coke from petroleum has a heating value of 6.024 million Btu per barrel.

Coke Plants:
Plants where coal is carbonized in slot or beehive ovens for the manufacture of coke.

Coking Coal:
Bituminous coal suitable for making coke. See Coke (coal).

Compliance Coal:
A coal or a blend of coals that meets sulfur dioxide emission standards for air quality without the need for flue gas desulfurization.

Continuous Mining:
A form of room-and-pillar mining in which a continuous mining machine extracts and removes coal from the working face in one operation; no blasting is required.

Conventional Mining:
The oldest form of room-and-pillar mining which consists of a series of operations that involve cutting the coalbed so it breaks easily when blasted with explosives or high-pressure air, and then loading the broken coal.

Cost, Insurance, Freight (CIF):
A type of sale in which the buyer of the product agrees to pay a unit price that includes the F.O.B. value of the product at the point of origin plus all costs of insurance and transportation. This type of transaction differs from a "delivered" purchase in that the buyer accepts the quantity as determined at the loading port (as certified by the Bill of Loading and Quality Report) rather than pay on the basis of the quantity and quality ascertained at the unloading port. It is similar to the terms of an F.O.B. sale, except that the seller, as a service for which he is compensated, arranges for transportation and insurance.

Culm:
Waste from Pennsylvania anthracite preparation plants, consisting of coarse rock fragments containing as much as 30 percent small-sized coal; sometimes defined as including very fine coal particles called silt. Its heat value ranges from 8 to 17 million Btu per short ton.

Cumulative Depletion:
The sum in tons of coal extracted and lost in mining as of a stated date for a specified area or a specified coal bed.

Customs District:
Customs districts, as defined by the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, " Monthly Report EM 545," are as follows · Eastern: Bridgeport, CT, Washington, DC, Boston, MA, Baltimore, MD, Portland, ME, Buffalo, NY, New York City, NY, Ogdensburg, NY, Philadelphia, PA, Providence, RI, Norfolk, VA, St. Albans, VT. · Southern: Mobile, AL, Savannah, GA, Miami, FL, Tampa, FL, New Orleans, LA, Wilmington, NC, San Juan, PR, Charleston, SC, Dallas-Fort Worth, TX, El Paso, TX, Houston-Galveston, TX, Laredo, TX, Virgin Islands. · Western: Anchorage, AK, Nogales, AZ, Los Angeles, CA, San Diego, CA, San Francisco, CA, Honolulu, HI, Great Falls, MT, Portland, OR, Seattle, WA. · Northern: Chicago, IL, Detroit, MI, Duluth, MN, Minneapolis, MN, St. Louis, MO, Pembina, ND, Cleveland, OH, Milwaukee, WI.

D

Demonstrated Reserve Base:
A collective term for the sum of coal in both measured and indicated resource categories of reliability which represents 100 percent of the coal in these categories in place as of a certain date. Includes beds of bituminous coal and anthracite 28 inches or more thick and beds of subbituminous coal 60 inches or more thick that occur at depths to 1 thousand feet. Includes beds of lignite 60 inches or more thick that can be surface mined. Includes also thinner and/or deeper beds that presently are being mined or for which there is evidence that they could be mined commercially at this time. Represents that portion of identified coal resources from which reserves are calculated.

Demonstrated Resources:
Same qualifications as identified resources, but include measured and indicated degrees of geologic assurance and excludes the inferred.

Depleted Resources:
Resources that have been mined; include coal recovered, coal lost in mining, and coal reclassified as subeconomic because of mining. See cumulative depletion.

Depletion:
The subtraction of both the tonnage produced and the tonnage lost to mining from identified resources to determine the remaining tonnage as of a certain time.

Depletion Factor:
The multiplier applied to the tonnage produced to compute depletion. This multiplier takes into account both the tonnage recovered and the tonnage lost due to mining. The depletion factor is the reciprocal of the recovery factor in relation to a given quantity of production.

Direct Labor Hours:
Direct labor hours worked by all mining employees at a mining operation during the year. Includes hours worked by those employees engaged in production, preparation, development, maintenance, repair, shop or yard work, management, and technical or engineering work. Excludes office workers. Excludes vacation and leave hours.

Dredge Mining:
A method of recovering coal from rivers or streams.

Drift Mine:
An underground mine that has a horizontal or nearly horizontal entry driven along to a coalbed exposed in a hillside.

Dry (Coal) Basis: Coal quality data calculated to a theoretical basis in which no moisture is associated with the sample. This basis is determined by measuring the weight loss of a sample when its inherent moisture is driven off under controlled conditions of low temperature air-drying followed by heating to just above the boiling point of water (104 to 110 degrees centigrade).

E

Electricity:
A form of energy generated by friction, induction, or chemical change that is caused by the presence and motion of elementary charged particles of which matter consists.

Electricity Generatio:
The process of producing electric energy or transforming other forms of energy into electric energy. Also the amount of electric energy produced or expressed in watthours (Wh).

Electricity Generation, Gross:
The total amount of electric energy produced by the generating station or stations, measured at the generator terminals.

Electricity Generation, Net:
Gross generation less electricity consumed at the generating plant for station use. Electricity required for pumping at pumped-storage plants is regarded as plant use and is deducted from gross generation.

Electric Power Plant:
A station containing prime movers, electric generators, and auxiliary equipment for converting mechanical, chemical, and/or fission energy into electric energy.

Electric Utility:
A corporation, person, agency, authority, or other legal entity or instrumentality that owns and/or operates facilities within the United States, its territories, or Puerto Rico for the generation, transmission, distribution, or sale of electric energy primarily for use by the public and files forms listed in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 18, Part 141. Facilities that qualify as cogenerators or small power producers under the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) and exempt wholesale generators under Energy Policy Act of 1992 are not considered electric utilities. See definition of nonutility power producer.
Electric Utility Sector: The electric utility sector consists of privately and publicly owned establishments that generate, transmit, distribute, or sell electricity primarily for use by the public and that meet the definition of an electric utility. Nonutility power producers are not included in the electric utility sector.

Energy:
The capacity for doing work as measured by the capability of doing work (potential energy) or the conversion of this capability to motion (kinetic energy). Energy has several forms, some of which are easily convertible and can be changed to another form useful for work. Most of the world's convertible energy comes from fossil fuels that are burned to produce heat that is then used as a transfer medium to mechanical or other means in order to accomplish tasks. Electrical energy is usually measured in kilowatthours, while heat energy is usually measured in British thermal units.

Energy Consumption:
The use of energy as a source of heat or power or as an input in the manufacturing process.

Environmental Restrictions:
In reference to coal accessibility, land-use restrictions that constrain, postpone, or prohibit mining in order to protect environmental resources of an area; for example, surface- or groundwater quality, air quality affected by mining, or plants or animals or their habitats.

Estimated Recoverable Reserves:
See recoverable reserves.

F

F.A.S. Value:
Free alongside ship value. The value of a commodity at the port of exportation, generally including the purchase price plus all charges incurred in placing the commodity alongside the carrier at the port of exportation in the country of exportation.

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC):
A quasi-independent regulatory agency within the Department of Energy having jurisdiction over inter-state electricity sales, wholesale electric rates, hydro-electric licensing, natural gas pricing, oil pipeline rates, and gas pipeline certification. Federal Coal Lease: A lease granted to a mining company to produce coal from land owned and administered by the Federal Government in exchange for royalties and other revenues.

Fixed Carbon:
The nonvolatile matter in coal minus the ash. Fixed carbon is the solid residue other than ash obtained by prescribed methods of destructive distillation of a coal. Fixed carbon is the part of the total carbon that remains when coal is heated in a closed vessel until all volatile matter is driven off.

Floor:
The upper surface of the stratum underlying a coal seam. In coals that were formed in persistent swamp environments, the floor is typically a bed of clay, known as "underclay," representing the soil in which the trees or other coal-forming swamp vegetation was rooted.

F.O.B. Mine Price:
The free on board mine price. This is the price paid for coal at the mining operation site. It excludes freight or shipping and insurance costs. Foreign-Controlled Firms: Foreign-controlled firms are U.S. coal producers with more than 50 percent of their stock or assets owned by a foreign firm.

Fossil-Fuel Electric Generation:
Electric generation in which the prime mover is a turbine rotated by high-pressure steam produced in a boiler by heat from burning fossil fuels.

G

Geologic Assurance:
State of sureness, confidence, or certainty of the existence of a quantity of resources based on the distance from points where coal is measured or sampled and on the abundance and quality of geologic data as related to thickness of overburden, rank, quality, thickness of coal, areal extent, geologic history, structure, and correlations of coal beds and enclosing rocks. The degree of assurance increases as the nearness to points of control, abundance, and quality of geologic data increases.

Geologic Considerations:
Conditions in the coal deposit or in the rocks in which it occurs that may complicate or preclude mining. Geologic considerations are evaluated in the context of the current state of technology and regulations, so the impact on mining may change with time.

Geothermal Energy:
Energy from the internal heat of the earth, which may be residual heat, friction heat, or a result of radioactive decay. The heat is found in rocks and fluids at various depths and can be extracted by drilling and/or pumping.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP):
The total value of goods and services produced by labor and property in the United States . As long as the labor and property are located in the United States , the supplier (that is, the workers and, for property, the owners) may be either U.S. residents or residents of foreign countries.

H

Hand Loading:
An underground loading method by which coal is removed from the working face by manual labor through the use of a shovel for conveyance to the surface.

Highwall:
the unexcavated face of exposed over-burden and coal in a surface mine.

Hydroelectric Power:
The harnessing of flowing water to produce mechanical or electrical energy.

Hypothetical Resources:
Undiscovered coal resources in beds that may reasonably be expected to exist in known mining districts under known geologic conditions. In general, hypothetical resources are in broad areas of coalfields where points of observation are absent and evidence is from distant outcrops, drill holes, or wells. Exploration that confirms their existence and better defines their quantity and quality would permit their reclassification as identified resources. Quantitative estimates are based on a broad knowledge of the geologic character of coalbed or region. Measurements of coal thickness are more than 6 miles apart. The assumption of continuity of coalbed is supported only by geologic evidence.

I

Identified Resources:
Specific bodies of coal whose location, rank, quality, and quantity are known from geologic evidence supported by engineering measurements. Included are beds of bituminous coal and anthracite 14 inches or more thick and beds of subbituminous coal and lignite 30 inches or more thick that occur at depths to 6,000 feet and whose existence and quantity have been delineated within specified degrees of geologic assurance as measured, indicated, or inferred.

Implicit Price Deflator:
The implicit price deflator, published by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, is used to convert nominal figures to real figures. Indian Coal Lease: A lease granted to a mining company to produce coal from Indian lands in exchange for royalties and other revenues; obtained by direct negotiation with Indian tribal authorities, but subject to approval and administration by the U.S. Department of the Interior.

Indicated Resources:
Coal for which estimates of the rank, quality, and quantity have been computed partly from sample analyses and measurements and partly from reasonable geologic projections. Indicated resources are computed partly from specified measurements and partly from projection of visible data for a reasonable distance on the basis of geologic evidence. The points of observation are 0.5 to 1.5 miles apart. Indicated coal is projected to extend as a 0.5-mile-wide belt that lies more than 0.25 miles from the outcrop or points of observation or measurement.

Industrial Restrictions:
Land-use restrictions that constrain, postpone, or prohibit mining in order to meet other industrial needs or goals; for example, resources not mined due to safety concerns or due to industrial or societal priorities, such as to preserve oil or gas wells that penetrate the coal reserves; to protect surface features such as pipelines, power lines, or company facilities; or to preserve public or private assets, such as highways, railroads, parks, or buildings.

Industrial Sector:
The industrial sector is comprised of manufacturing industries which make up the largest part of the sector, along with mining, construction, agriculture, fisheries, and forestry. Establishments in the sector range from steel mills, to small farms, to companies assembling electronic components.

Inferred Reserve Base:
the resources in the inferred reliability category that meet the same criteria of bed thickness and depth from surface as the demonstrated reserve base.

Inferred Resources:
Coal in unexplored extensions of demonstrated resources for which estimates of the quality and size are based on geologic evidence and projection. Quantitative estimates are based largely on broad knowledge of the geologic character of the bed or region and where few measurements of bed thickness are available. The estimates are based primarily on an assumed continuation from demonstrated coal for which there is geologic evidence. The points of observation are 1.5 to 6 miles apart. Inferred coal is projected to extend as a 2.25-mile-wide belt that lies more than 0.75 miles from the outcrop or points of observation or measurement.

Isopach:
A line on a map drawn through points of equal thickness of a designated unit (such as a coal bed).

L

Land-use Restrictions:
Constraints placed upon mining by societal policies to protect surface features or entities that could be affected by mining. Because laws and regulations may be modified or repealed, the restrictions, including industrial and environmental restrictions, are subject to change.

Lignite:
The lowest rank of coal, often referred to as brown coal, used almost exclusively as fuel for steam-electric power generation. It is brownish-black and has a high inherent moisture content, sometimes as high as 45 percent The heat content of lignite ranges from 9 to 17 million Btu per ton on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis. The heat content of lignite consumed in the United States averages 13 million Btu per ton, on the as-received basis (i.e., containing both inherent moisture and mineral matter).

Longwall Mining:
An automated form of underground coal mining characterized by high recovery and extraction rates, feasible only in relatively flat-lying, thick, and uniform coalbeds. A high-powered cutting machine is passed across the exposed face of coal, shearing away broken coal, which is continuously hauled away by a floor-level conveyor system. Longwall mining extracts all machine-minable coal between the floor and ceiling within a contiguous block of coal, known as a panel, leaving no support pillars within the panel area. Panel dimensions vary over time and with mining conditions but currently average about 900 feet wide (coal face width) and more than 8,000 feet long (the minable extent of the panel, measured in direction of mining). Longwall mining is done under movable roof supports that are advanced as the bed is cut. The roof in the mined-out area is allowed to fall as the mining advances.

Low-Volatile Bituminous Coal:
See Bituminous Coal.

M

Manufacturing (except coke plants):
Those industrial users/plants, not including coke plants, that are engaged in the mechanical or chemical transformation of materials or substances into new (i.e., finished or semifinished) products. Includes coal used for gasification/liquifaction.

Marginal Reserves:
Borders on being economic. See economic.

Measured Resources:
Coal for which estimates of the rank, quality, and quantity have been computed, within a high degree of geologic assurance, from sample analyses and measurements from closely spaced and geologically well known sample sites. Measured resources are computed from dimensions revealed in outcrops, trenches, mine workings, and drill holes. The points of observation and measurement are so closely spaced and the thickness and extent of coals are so well defined that (for older estimates) the tonnage was judged to be accurate within 20 percent of true tonnage (statistical measures of error are no longer considered reliable for most measured resources). Although the spacing of the points of observation necessary to demonstrate continuity of the coal differs from region to region according to the character of the coalbeds, the points of observation are not greater than 0.5 mile apart. Measured coal is projected to extend as a 0.25-mile-wide belt from the outcrop or points of observation or measurement.

Medium-Volatile Bituminous Coal:
See Bituminous Coal.

Meta-Anthracite :
See Anthracite.

Metallurgical Coal :
Coking coal and pulverized coal consumed in making steel.

Metric Ton :
A unit of weight equal to 2,204.6 pounds.

Minable :
Capable of being mined under current mining technology and environmental and legal restrictions, rules, and regulations.

Mine Type :
See Surface Mine and Underground Mine.

Mineral-Matter-Free Basis :
Mineral matter in coal is the parent material in coal from which ash is derived, and which comes from minerals present in the original plant materials that formed the coal, or from extraneous sources such as sediments and precipitates from mineralized water. Mineral matter in coal cannot be determined by chemical analysis and is commonly calculated using data on ash and ash-forming constituents. Coal analyses are calculated to the mineral-matter-free basis by adjusting formulas used in calculations in order to deduct the weight of mineral matter from the total coal.

Moist (Coal) Basis :
"Moist" coal contains its natural inherent or bed moisture, but does not include water adhering to the surface. Coal analyses expressed on a moist basis are performed or adjusted so as to describe the data when the coal contains only that moisture which exists in the bed in its natural state of deposition, and when the coal has not lost any moisture due to drying.

N

Natural Gas :
A mixture of hydrocarbons and small quantities of various nonhydrocarbons existing in the gaseous phase or in solution with crude oil in under-ground reservoirs.

Natural Gas (Dry) :
The marketable portion of natural gas production, which is obtained by subtracting extraction losses, including natural gas liquids removed at natural gas processing plants, from total production. Nominal Price: The price paid for a product or service at the time of the transaction. The nominal price, which is expressed in current dollars, is not adjusted to remove the effect of changes in the purchasing power of the dollar.

Nonutility Power Producers :
A corporation, person, agency, authority, or other legal entity or instrumentality that owns electric generating capacity and is not an electric utility. Nonutility power producers include qualifying cogenerators, qualifying small- power producers, and other nonutility generators (including independent power producers) without a designated franchised service area and which do not file forms listed in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 18, Part 141. (See Electric Utility.)

Nuclear Electric Power :
Electricity generated by an electric power plant whose turbines are driven by steam generated in a reactor by heat from the fissioning of nuclear fuel.

Number of Mines :
The number of mines, or mines collocated with preparation plants or tipples, located in a particular geographic area (State or region). If a mine is mining coal across two counties within a State, or across two States, then it is counted as two operations. This is done so that EIA can separate production by State and county.

Number of Mining Operations :
The number of mining operations includes preparation plants with greater than 5,000 total direct labor hours. Mining operations that consist of a mine and preparation plant, or a preparation plant only, will be counted as two operations if the preparation plant processes both underground and surface coal. Excluded are silt, culm, refuse bank, slurry dam, and dredge operations except for Pennsylvania anthracite. Excludes mines producing less than 10,000 short tons of coal during the year.

O

Open Market Coal :
Coal sold in the open market, i.e., coal sold to companies other than the reporting company's parent company or an operating subsidiary of the parent company.

Operating Subsidiary :
A company which is controlled through the ownership of voting stock, or a corporate joint venture in which a corporation is owned by a small group of businesses as a separate and specific business or project for the mutual benefit of the members of the group.

Other Industrial Plant :
Industrial users, not including coke plants, engaged in the mechanical or chemical transformation of materials or substances into new products (manufacturing); and companies engaged in the agriculture, mining, or construction industries.

Other Power Producers :
Independent power producers that generate electricity and co-generation plants that are not included in the other industrial, coke and commercial sectors.

Overburden :
Any material, consolidated or unconsolidated, that overlies a coal deposit.

P

Parent Company :
A company which solely or jointly owns the reporting company and which is not itself a subsidiary of, or owned by, another company.

Percent Utilization :
The ratio of total production to productive capacity, times 100.

Petroleum Coke :
See Coke (petroleum).

Photovoltiac and Solar Thermal Energy (as used at electric utilities) :
Energy radiated by the sun as electromagnetic waves (electromagnetic radiation) that is converted at electric utilities into electricity by means of solar (photo-voltaic) cells or concentrating (focusing) collectors.

Preparation Plant :
A facility at which coal is crushed, screened, and mechanically cleaned.

Producer and Distributor Coal Stocks :
Producer and distributor coal stocks consist of coal held in stock by producers/distributors at the end of a reporting period.

Productive Capacity :
The maximum amount of coal that a mining operation can produce or process during a period with the existing mining equipment and/or preparation plant in place, assuming that the labor and materials sufficient to utilize the plant and equipment are available, and that the market exists for the maximum production.

Q

Quadrillion Btu :
1015 Btu.

Quality or Grade :
An informal classification of coal relating to its suitability for use for a particular purpose. Refers to individual measurements such as heat value, fixed carbon, moisture, ash, sulfur, major, minor, and trace elements, coking properties, petrologic properties, and particular organic constituents. The individual quality elements may be aggregated in various ways to classify coal for such special purposes as metallurgical, gas, petrochemical, and blending usages.

R

Real Price :
A price that has been adjusted to remove the effect of changes in the purchasing power of the dollar. Real prices, which are expressed in constant dollars, usually reflect buying power relative to a base year.

Recoverability :
In reference to accessible coal resources, the condition of being physically, technologically, and economically minable. Recovery rates and recovery factors may be determined or estimated for coal resources without certain knowledge of their economic minability; therefore, the availability of recovery rates or factors does not predict recoverability.

Recoverable Coal :
Coal that is, or can be, extracted from a coal bed during mining.

Recoverable Reserves at Producing Mines :
The amount of in situ coal that can be recovered by mining existing reserves at mines reporting on Form EIA-7A.

Recoverable Reserves, Estimated Recoverable Reserves :
Reserve estimates (broad meaning) based on a demonstrated reserve base adjusted for assumed accessibility factors and recovery factors. The term is used by EIA to distinguish estimated recoverable reserves, which are derived without specific economic feasibility criteria by factoring (downward) from a demonstrated reserve base for one or more study areas or regions, from recoverable reserves at active mines, which are aggregated (upward) from reserve estimates reported by currently active, economically viable mines on Form EIA-7A.

Recoverable Reserves of Coal :
An estimate of the amount of coal that can be recovered (mined) from the accessible reserves of the demonstrated reserve base.

Recovery Factor :
The percentage of total tons of coal estimated to be recoverable from a given area in relation to the total tonnage estimated to be in the demonstrated reserve base. For the purpose of calculating depletion factors only, the estimated recovery factors for the demonstrated reserve base generally are 50 percent for underground mining methods and 80 percent for surface mining methods. More precise recovery factors can be computed by determining the total coal in place and the total coal recoverable in any specific locale.

Recovery Percentage :
The percentage of coal that can be recovered from the coal deposits at existing mines.

Refuse Bank :
A repository for waste material generated by the coal cleaning process.

Refuse Mine :
A surface mine where coal is recovered from previously mined coal. It may also be known as a silt bank, culm bank, refuse bank, slurry dam, or dredge operation.

Regional Reserves, Regional Reserve Estimates :
Same as reserves; alternative wording is used by EIA to distinguish regional reserves, which are derived by factoring (downward) from a demonstrated reserve base for one or more study areas or regions, from reserves at active mines, which are aggregated (upward) from reserve estimates reported by individual mines on Form EIA-7A.

Remaining (Resources/Reserves) :
The amount of coal in the ground after some mining, excluding coal in the ground spoiled or left in place for which later recovery is not feasible.

Report Year :
The calendar year beginning at 12:00 a.m. January 1 and ending at 11:59 p.m. December 31.

Reserve(s): Root meaning :
The amount of in-situ coal in a defined area that can be recovered by mining at a sustainable profit at the time of determination. Broad meaning: That portion of the demonstrated reserve base that is estimated to be recoverable at the time of determination. The reserve is derived by applying a recovery factor to that component of the identified resources of coal designated as the demonstrated reserve base.

Residential and Commercial Sector :
Housing units; wholesale and retail businesses (except coal wholesale dealers); health institutions (hospitals); social and educational institutions (schools and universities); and Federal, State, and local governments (military installations, prisons, office buildings).

Resources :
Naturally occurring concentrations or deposits of coal in the Earth's crust, in such forms and amounts that economic extraction is currently or potentially feasible.

Roof :
The rock immediately above a coal seam. The roof is commonly a shale, often carbonaceous and softer than rocks higher up in the roof strata.


Room-and-Pillar Mining :
The traditional method of underground mining in which the mine roof is supported mainly by coal pillars left at regular intervals. Rooms are places where the coal is mined; pillars are areas of coal left between the rooms. Room-and-pillar mining is done either by conventional or continuous mining.

Royalties :
Payments, in money or kind, of a stated share of production from mineral deposits, by the lessee to the lessor. Royalties may be an established minimum, a sliding-scale, or a step-scale. A step-scale royalty rate increases by steps as the average production on the lease increases. A sliding-scale royalty rate is based on average production and applies to all production from the lease.

Run-of-mine :
The raw coal recovered from a mine, prior to any treatment.

S

Salable Coal :
The shippable product of a coal mine or preparation plant. Depending on customer specifications, salable coal may be run-of-mine, crushed-and-screened (sized) coal, or the clean coal yield from a preparation plant.

Sales Volume :
The reported output from Federal and/or Indian lands, the basis of royalties. It is approximately equivalent to production, which includes coal sold, and coal added to stockpiles.

Sample :
A representative fraction of a coal bed collected by approved methods, guarded against contamination or adulteration, and analyzed to determine the nature; chemical, mineralogic, and (or) petrographic composition; percentage or parts-per-million content of specified constituents; heat value; and possibly the reactivity of the coal or its constituents.

Scoop Loading :
An underground loading method by which coal is removed from the working face by a tractor unit equipped with a hydraulically operated bucket attached to the front; also called a front-end loader.

Seam :
A bed of coal lying between a roof and floor. Equivalent term to bed, commonly used by industry.

Semianthracite :
See Anthracite.

Shaft Mine :
An underground mine that reaches the coalbed by means of a vertical shaft. In addition to the passages providing entry to the coalbed, a network of other passages are also dug, some to provide access to various parts of the mine and some for ventilation.

Short Ton :
A unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds.

Shortwall Mining :
A form of underground mining that involves the use of a continuous mining machine and movable roof supports to shear coal panels 150 to 200 feet wide and more than half a mile long. Although similar to longwall mining, shortwall mining is generally more flexible because of the smaller working area. Productivity is lower than with longwall mining because the coal is hauled to the mine face by shuttle cars as opposed to conveyors.

SIC :
See Standard Industrial Classification.

Silt :
Waste from Pennsylvania anthracite preparation plants, consisting of coarse rock fragments containing as much as 30 percent small-sized coal; sometimes defined as including very fine coal particles called silt. Its heat value ranges from 8 to 17 million Btu per short ton. Synonymous with culm.

Silt, Culm Refuse Bank, or Slurry Dam Mining :
A mining operation producing coal from these sources of coal. (See refuse mine.)

Slope Mine :
An underground mine in which the entry is driven at an angle to reach the coal deposit.

Slurry Dam :
A repository for the silt or culm from a preparation plant.

Solar Energy :
The radiant energy of the sun, which can be converted into other forms of energy, such as heat or electricity.

Speculative Resources :
Undiscovered coal in beds that may occur either in known types of deposits in a favorable geologic setting where no discoveries have been made, or in deposits that remain to be recognized. Exploration that confirms their existence and better defines their quantity and quality would permit their reclassification as identified resources.

Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) :
A set of codes developed by the Office of Management and Budget which categorizes industries to groups with similar economic activities. SIC was superceded by the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) in 1997.
Steam Coal: All nonmetallurgical coal.
Stocks: The supply of coal or coke at a mine, plant, or utility at the end of the reporting period.

Strip or Stripping Ratio :
The amount of overburden that must be removed to gain access to a unit amount of coal. A stripping ratio may be expressed as (1) thickness of overburden to thickness of coal, (2) volume of overburden to volume coal, (3) weight of overburden to weight of coal, or (4) cubic yards of overburden to tons of coal. A stripping ratio commonly is used to express the maximum thickness, volume, or weight of overburden that can be profitably removed to obtain a unit amount of coal.

Subbituminous Coal :
A coal whose properties range from those of lignite to those of bituminous coal and used primarily as fuel for steam-electric power generation. It may be dull, dark brown to black, soft and crumbly, at the lower end of the range, to bright, jet black, hard, and relatively strong, at the upper end. Subbituminous coal contains 20 to 30 percent inherent moisture by weight. The heat content of subbituminous coal ranges from 17 to 24 million Btu per ton on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis. The heat content of subbituminous coal consumed in the United States averages 17 to 18 million Btu per ton, on the as-received basis (i.e., containing both inherent moisture and mineral matter).

Sulfur :
One of the elements present in varying quantities in coal that contributes to environmental degradation when coal is burned. EIA classifies coal, in terms of pounds of sulfur per million Btu as low (less than or equal to 0.60 pounds of sulfur), medium (between 0.61 and 1.67 pounds of sulfur), and high (greater than or equal to 1.68 pounds of sulfur). When coal is sampled, sulfur content is measured as a percent by weight of coal on an "as received" or "dry" (moisture-free) basis.

Surface Mine :
A coal mine that is usually within a few hundred feet of the surface. Earth and rock above or around the coal (overburden) is removed to expose the coalbed, which is then mined with surface excavation equipment such as draglines, power shovels, bulldozers, loaders, and augers.

Surface mines include :
area, contour, open-pit, strip, or auger mine.

T

Tipple :
A central facility used in loading coal for transportation by rail or truck.

Transportation Sector :
The transportation sector consists of private and public vehicles that move people and commodities. Included are automobiles, trucks, buses, motorcycles, railroads and railways (including streetcars), aircraft, ships, barges, and natural gas pipelines.

U

Underground Mine :
A mine where coal is produced by tunneling into the earth to the coalbed, which is then mined with underground mining equipment such as cutting machines and continuous, longwall, and shortwall mining machines. Underground mines are classified according to the type of opening used to reach the coal, i.e., drift (level tunnel), slope (inclined tunnel), or shaft (vertical tunnel).

Underground Mining : The extraction of coal or its products from between enclosing rock strata by underground mining methods, such as room and pillar, longwall, and shortwall, or through in-situ gasification.

Undiscovered Resources :
Unspecified bodies of coal surmised to exist on the basis of broad geologic knowledge and theory. Undiscovered resources include beds of bituminous coal and anthracite 14 inches or more thick and beds of subbituminous coal and lignite 30 inches or more thick that are presumed to occur in unmapped and unexplored areas to depths of 6,000 feet. The speculative and hypothetical resource categories comprise undiscovered resources.

V

Virgin Coal :
Coal that has not been accessed by mining. See accessed.

Volatile Matter :
Those products, exclusive of moisture, given off by a material as gas or vapor. In coal, volatile matter is determined by heating the coal to 950 degrees centigrade under carefully controlled conditions and measuring the weight loss, excluding weight of moisture driven off at 105 degrees centigrade.

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